alle 


NIDULARIACEAE 


OR 


SBIR SNES? EUNGI~ 


ILLUSTRATED 
WITH TEN PLATES AND TWENTY FIGURES 


By 


eG. LLOYD 


oe 


CINCINNATI, OHIO, U. S. A. 
DECEMBER, 1906. 


Ly ReEUEAS MIS 


Who first made a thorough study of the Nidulariaceae, and wrote the 
first monograph on the subject, and whose careful, accurate work will 
always remain as the highest authority. 


NIDULARIACEAE. 


The Nidulariaceae are well known as the “Bird’s-nest fungi,’ so 
called because the little cups filled with little “eggs” are likened to 
miniature bird-nests. In mycology they are classed as Gastromycetes, 
but to me they seem to have very little in common with other Gastro- 
mycetes. ‘They are found all over the world, and there is probably no 
country that does not have several species. 

We have been particularly interested in these little bird’s-nest 
fungi for several years, and have persistently importuned our corre- 
spondents, especially those in the tropics, to send us specimens. ‘That 


our appeals have not been in vain the two hundred and more collec- 


tions, as acknowledged in detail in this pamphlet, are in evidence. 
We wish to thank each individual who has aided by sending speci- 
mens. The work on this pamphlet was done in the museum of crypto- 
gamic botany at Paris, France. We had, however, previously made 
studies of the material at Kew, and most of the historic specimens in 
this family are preserved either at Paris or Kew. 


DEFINITION OF TERMS. 


PERIDIUM.—The cups are called peridia. In most genera they are cup 
or bell-shaped, the mouth covered when young with a thin membrane, known 
as the epiphrgem. In one genus (Nidularia) the peridium is globose, and has no 
epiphragm he peridium walls are tough and composed (usually) of three 
layers. The external layer is always more or less hairy or tomentose, and I 
have found that the general nature of the cups and of this external ‘surface 
usually characterizes species. Cups vary much in the same species as to size 
and shape. 


EPIPHRAGM.—The thin membrane, covering the mouth of the peridium 
when young, is called an epiphragm. It consists of two layers, the outer hairy 
or tomentose, of the same nature asthe outer layer of the cup. In the genera 
Crucibulum and Nidula, these two layers persist until the epiphragm is broken.~ 
In Cyathus the outer, hairy layer is detersive, and early falls away, leaving the 
inner, thin, white layer stretched across the mouth of the cup like the head of a 
drum. When the peridium reaches its full growth, the epiphragm breaks away 
and disappears, exposing the peridioles or “eggs” of the cup. Numerous illus- 
trations of cups having epiphragms will be found in our plates, particularly 
No. 104 (Crucibulum vulgare) and No. 106 (Cyathus striatus). 


PERIDIOLES.—The little “eggs” that are found in the interior of the 
cups we call peridioles. Usually they are called sporangioles, but I like the 
term peridiole better. They are always lenticular in shape, usually one or two 
(rarely three) millimeters in diameter. ‘The color of the peridioles is char- 
acteristic of the genera. Cyathus has black peridioles; Nidularia (with one 
anomalous exception) Nidula and Sphaerobolus have brown_peridioles; Cruci- 
bulum has black peridioles, but covered with a thick, white tunica, so that 
they appear white. The peridioles contain the spores ‘of the plant which are 
microscopic in size. 


1 Several centuries ago some of the old botanists thought that the peridioles were the seeds of 
the plants and wrote learned articles on the subject. Tulasne gives a full history of these ancient 
views, which were recently re-dished up in full by Miss White. I do not feel that the subject should 
take so much space for I think that for a hundred years no one, except perhaps somé children, has 
thought that sporangioles are the seeds, 


3 
>i 8ont 


THE FUNICULUS.—In the genera Cyathus and Crucibulum the peridioles 

are attached to the cups by elastic cords called funiculi. When dry they are 

— brittle, but when wet they are elastic 

and capable of long extension. It is 

easy to stretch them five or six inches, 

and when extended they appear like 

threads of cob-web. Our figure (1) 

shows a peridiole (enlarged) with the 

funiculus attached. The microscopic 

structure of the funiculus is very com- 

J plex, and Tulasne has explained it at 

f length. It is more simple in the genus 

Crucibulum than in Cyathts. The struc- 

ture consists of hyaline filaments which 

\ are nodular at intervals. Our figure (2), 

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. taken from Tulasne, will illustrate the 

ordinary appearance of these threads 

under the microscope. Genera are based on the presence or absence of funiculi. 

Thus Cyathus? and Crucibulum have funiculi; Nidula, Nidularia and Sphaero- 
bolus have none. 


THE TUNICA—Surrounding the peridioles of most species is a thin, white 
membrane, called the tunica. In most species the tunica is so thin that when dry 
it is seen with difficulty, but it swells and is more evident when the peridiole 
is soaked in water. Crucibulum vulgare is the only species with a relatively 
thick and evident tunica. In our cross section of a section of the peridiole of 


Fig. 4. 


Crucibulum vulgare (Fig. 3 enlarged) the tunica is readily seen surrounding the 
(black) peridiole wall. In figure 4 (peridioles of Crucibulum vulgare, enlarged) 
a broken tunica is evident on one of the peridioles. In the genus Cyathus 
the tunica is often an uncertain factor, for it is so thin it is often difficult to de- 
cide whether it exists or not. Where it exists it is always more evident when 
the peridiole is soaked in water. In some species (notably the common Cy- 
athus stercoreus) I am satisfied there is no tunica whatever. Cyathus striatus 
(the European form, not the American form) has the most evident tunica in 


the genus Cyathus. 


THE WALLS OF THE PERIDIOLES.—The outer wall of the peridiole 
is of a hard, horny nature, and must be soaked (about twelve hours) in water 
before it is practicable to section it. Two very different structures are foun] 


2We have rarely seen collections of Cyathus stercoreus where the upper peridioles in the cups 
are not attached by funiculi, We have considered it only as a kind of Zagsus for in the same collec- 
tion we find cups with all the peridioles attached and otherwise the plants have all the characters of 
the species. It was Miss White, in reality who first discovered that Cyathus stercoreus does not al- 
ways have funiculi (Cfr. her article ‘‘Cyathia ? Sp.’’), but she was so unfamiliar with the character of 
the species that she was unable to correctly interpret her discovery. It is a feature of inexperience 
that anything out of the ordinary can only be explained by the theory of a ‘‘ new species.” 


4 


(in different species) which character we have used in arranging the species in 
groups.. In one section (of which the common Cyathus stercoreus. is a fanmiliar 
example) the peridiole wall consists of two layers with coarse, deeply colored 
filaments intervening. If a peridiole is slightly soaked, these filaments seem to 
be placed between the layers, but after a prolonged soaking in water, four 
or five days, the outer layer swells, and a section then shows 
that the filaments are imbedded in the tissue of the outer 
layer.” Our figure 5 (an enlarged section of a peridiole of 
Cyathus stercoreus) plainly shows this outer layer partially 
detached. Tulasne applied the term “tunica” to this layer 
in the species when he noted it, but to us this is a misappli- 
cation of the term, as the nature is very different from a 
tunica, and we feel the term should only be applied in the 
sense we have indicated under the previous heading. Usu- 
ally these colored filaments are simple, unbranched or 
slightly branched and form (apparently) a kind of woven 
tissue. In Nidula emodensis they are peculiar, having 
; many short, sharp-pointed branches, a structure we have 

Fig. 5. noted in no other species. I think the structure of the 
walls of the peridioles of all species of Nidulariaceae are of the same general 
nature, but many species do not have these coarse, deeply colored fibrils. They 
are, on the other hand, much thinner, pale-colored or sub-hyaline, so that the sec- 
tions appear quite different, and the character can be readily used in classification. 


THE INNER STRUCTURE OF THE PERIDIOLE.—A section 
of the peridiole of any species, shows the interior filled with a white 
or sub-transparent, hard, horny substance. This is always in two lay- 
ers, clearly differentiated by a distinct line as 
shown in figure 6 (a section of the peridiole 
of Cyathus pallidus, strongly enlarged). ‘The 
tissue under the microscope is composed of 
irregular, angular granules, somewhat elon- 
gated and very irregular in shape. I do not 

Seg feel that the word “filament” should be applied 

iP to this tissue, for it has led to a very erroneous 

statement of facts." The outer layer of tissue is mostly (if not entirely) sterile. 
The spores are imbedded in the tissue of the inner layer. 


SPORES.—The spores of all Niduiariaceae are /yaline. Usually — ellipti- 
cal, they are sometimes subglobose, and vary much in general size in different 
species. ‘Thus, there are species with large spores (30-50 mic), species with 
small spores (4-8 mic.) and species with medium spores (12-25 mic). The 
general size and shape of spores characterize species, but the particular size is of 
no value whatever, and much latitude must be given to all spore measure- 
.ments. Spores not only vary in size in the same collection, but in the same 
peridiole, and I have noted two spores side by side differing more than ten 
nic. in length. One finds the spores very abundant in the peridioles of the 
small-spored species. On the contrary, they are usually scanty (or often 
wanting) in most of the large-spored species. If, in examining for spores, one 
has trouble in finding them, it is safe to assume that the plant belongs to a 
large-spored species. The spores of Nidulariaceae are said to be borne on 


3 Reminding me of the fibres one notes in the pith of the stem of the corn stalk. 


4 When De Toni compiled the Nidulariacez in the seventh volume of Saccardo he disting uished 
the genus Cyathus from Crucibulum, the former having ‘‘spore filamentis immixte,’’ the latter 
‘“spore’nullis filamentis immixte.’”” Miss White has copied apparently the same error in her paper. 
It originated, I think, in a misreading of what Tulasne states on the subject, for while this inference 
might be drawn from Tulasne’s work, I do not believe he ever intended to convey such an idea. The 
internal structure of the peridioles of all genera of Nidulariacee is practically the same, and affords 
no generic differences and none of them have any threads mixed with the spores. 


5 


basidia, but in the mature specimens no evidence of the attachment can be noted 
such as is usually very noticeable on basidia-spores. They have more the general 
appearance of asci-spores.° 


HISTORY.—tThe early history of Nidulariaceae, as of all fungi, is vague, 
owing to the multiplication of names by the early mycologists. There are only 
three common species in Europe, but Tulasne has shown that they were il- 
lustrated and described under more than twenty different specific names, and 
double that number of different combinations. But one real origina] mono- 
graph of the subject was ever written, viz: by Tulasne in 1844. When Tulasne 
took hold of the subject all was confusion. He made a careful and thorough 
study of the structure, established the genera, and selected the best names 
for the species as they appeared to him. Since this monograph appeared, my.- 
cologists in general have shown their appreciation of his work by using his 
names. We have done so in every instance without any juggling whatever. 

When Tulasne wrote his monograph, excepting the three common species 
of Europe, he had but scanty material, only seventeen collections from foreign 
lands, which he referred to thirteen species. We have studied all of this material 
(and many times as much more), and we think that Tulasne’s species are prac- 
tically all “good.” Since Tulasne’s day, sixty years ago, very little additional, 
systematic work has been done. The usual number of “new species” has been 
added, some very good, and some, in our opinion, very bad. Miss 
Violet S. White, a young lady of New York, has recently published (Bull. of 
the Torrey Club, May, 1902), an account of the American species. It was a 
good paper (barring the name juggling’) and brought out a number of new 
facts, the most important being the genus Nidula. 


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—The species of Nidulariaceae of the 
temperate world are relatively few, and there are but three common species 
in Europe, viz: Cyathus striatus, Cyathus vernicosus and Crucibulum vul- 
gare. In the United States, in addition to these three, we have another common 
species, Cyathus stercoreus, which is rare in Europe. In Australia, Cyathus verni- 
cosus, Cyathus stercoreus and Crucibulim vulgare are common, but Cyathus 
striatus (as far as I know) appears to be wanting. In addition to these common 
species there are, to my knowledge, only five rare species in Europe and Amer- 
ica, viz: Nidularia pisiformis, Nidularia Heribaudii, Nidula candida, Nidula 
microsperma and Cyathus pygmaeus. We do not include in the above summary 
(the anomalous genus) Sphaerobolus stellatus, which is fairly common in 
Europe and America. and probably also in Australia. The species of the re- 
mainder of the world are relatively scantily known. In the tropics the species 
appear more numerous, and all different. from the temperate region species. 
From the relatively few collections that are known more species probably 
have been made than will be maintained when the plants are well known. It 
is the experience, I think, of every one that the more material he has the fewer 


“species” he finds. 


5 I would not have it thought that I question the accuracy of Tulasne’s statements on the spores 
of the Nidulariacez being basidia-spores, for I am not inclined to question Tulasne on subjects con- 
cerning which I know nothing. I would only state that they do not appear the same as ordinary basidia- 
spores. 


6 As a striking example of how easy it is to juggle botanical names, Miss White takes the syn 
onyms in Tulasne’s monograph, and with a date dictionary shuffles up a “‘ new combination”’ for every 
known yaaite of Nidulariacee she considers. ‘Tulasne, who did @// the work, does not have a single 
name left. If this juggling was not done with Tulasne’s synonyms it could have been in fifteen min- 
utes’ time, but it seems to have been so done for questions of ‘‘ priority ’’ not explained by Tulasne are 
not considered in her paper. I do not question but that Miss White acted conscientiously and to the 
best of the limited light under which she worked. She was young, inexperienced, under bad advisers 
who ought to know better, and she could not realize at what a low standard such work is generally 
held in the mycological world. Since her paper appeared two publications considering the Nidulari- 
acez have been issued. Saccardo takes recognition of her new genus Nidula, which is really meritor- 
ious, but completely ignores her other names. Dr. Hollés, who is quite expert himself when it comes 
to concocting “‘new combinations’’ for the purpose of adding ‘‘ Hollés” to them, sees no merit in 
such work when done by another. He turns down every one of Miss White’s juggled names. 


6 


Pore GeNE RA OF THE eNIDULPARIACE AY. 


There are only five known genera of Nidulariaceae, and excepting 
the genus Cyathus, each embraces a very few species. The genera are 
distinguished by the following characters: 


Peridium cup shaped, with walls of three layers. Peridioles attached 


Pemectictlime bunicarthin vor Waitin Oem tt ere gee Cyathus. 
Peridium cup shaped, of a single layer. Peridioles with funicull. 
Me ibcirtichc camer! sey epi me eniar eta tens ad. silt, Crucibulum. 
Peridium cup shaped, of one (or two) layers. Peridioles without 
1 Abn a WNDU ec I lead a eee a ec AA id een ee eet Nidula. 
Peridium globose, friable, of a single layer. Peridioles without funi- 
OUUWY foo) Be sees hee Sete RS oe a me Ae a a ee a rary SEN Nidularia. 
All the above have numerous peridioles, while the following genus has 
peso oepemGiolesiii-cach Cup. sim ees a ee ait: Sphaerobolus. 


THE GENUS NIDULARIA. 


Peridium globose, of a single layer, without an epiphragm, de- 
hiscing by the regular breaking away of the walls or sometimes by a 
circumscissile opening. Peridioles numerous, filling the cavity, and 
imbedded in a mucilaginous substance (when moist). Not attached 
by funiculi. 

The genus Nidularia (in my opinion) embraces one rare, but widely 
distributed species, Nidularia pisiformis, three other species, each 
known from a single collection, N. australis (Chile), N. Duriaeana 
(Mauritius) and N. fusispora (Australia), also one anomalous species, 
N. Heribaudi (France). All are very different from the other Nid- 
uariaceae in not having cup-shaped peridia. ‘The peridia are globose, 
with brittle, fragile walls, which often break away entirely, leaving a 
pile of naked peridioles. The peridioles of all (excepting Heribaudii) 
are brown. 


NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS (Plate 102).—Peridium globose, 
filled with small brown peridioles. Walls of the peridium of a single 
layer, breaking irregularly or (sometimes, I think) in a circumscissile 
manner. Sometimes the peridium breaks away entirely, leaving a pile 
of naked peridioles. Surface of the peridium, particularly when young 
(see Plate 102, Fig. 6), cinnamon brown, flocculent, pulverulent’, 
becoming lighter color and smoother when old. Usually the peridium 
is tubercular from pressure on the peridioles. Peridioles small, 1 to 


7 The distinction between Cyathus and Crucibulum is not one marked difference that can be used 
as a key character, but rather the sum of a number of slight differences, which, taken together, make a 
good genus. Thus, they do not have exactly the same peridia, epiphragms, tunicae, or funiculi. 


8 The name of the American plant Nidularia pulvinata means ‘‘ cushion shape,’’ and does not 
refer to the pulverulent surface as I have always (through a confusion of the two words) supposed, 


7 


1% mm., brown, imbedded (when moist) in a mucilaginous substance, 
and have no funiculi. When dry they are rugulose, but when moist 
are smooth. Spores broadly elliptical, 5-6 x 6-8, sometimes relatively 
a little broader, 6-7 x 8. 


HISTORY.—This species seems to be widely distributed, but rare. We 
have it from Europe, United States and Brazil. It grows on rotten wood. 
It appears to me that whenever one of the old botanists about the begin- 
ming of the last century found this rare plant, he gave a picture of it and 
called it something new. We have looked up all these old pictures,® and there 
is nothing to indicate they are not the same plant.” We have neither re- 
ceived from our correspondents in America or Europe, nor-have we seen in 
any of the museums at Paris or London similar specimens of the genus 
Nidularia that we can distinguish as more than one species. We feel then 
there is but one widely spread species of this genus, and that it occurs Very 
rarely in Europe, United States, Brazil, and probably other countries. 


SYNONYMS.—If the above position proves to be true, and all the evi- 
dence we have points to it, the following names will form its synonymy. 
We have studied authentic specimens of those followed with a star, or they are 
‘based on figures we have seen, and there is little question as to them in our 
mind. Cyathus farcta,* Nidularia farcta,* Nidularia radicata, Nidularia farcta 
var. radicata, Nidularia confluens,* Cyathus corrugatus, Nidularia corrugata, 
Cyathus globosus,* Nidularia globosa,* Nidularia denudata, Cyathus denudatus, 
Nidularia pulvinata,* Cyathus pulvinatus,* Nidularia Berkeleyi,* Nidularia pisi- 
formis var Broomei.* Miss White states that Nidularia Alabamensis is a 
synonym for Nidularia pulvinata, and the “description” certainly would so in- 
dicate. “Granularia pulvinata” is a juggled name.” 


RESUME.—While we do not assert that all the foregoing are demonstrated 
to be the same plant, we are unable to learn what real differences exist 
between them, if any, and it is our opinion that they will all prove to be the 
same species. In all the specimens we have seen we shave noted only the 
following differences, but whether they are specific or merely due to condi- 
tions, we are not prepared to state. Any one who finds these rare plants 
will perform a real service if they will carefully note the following points : 

First, Color and Surface. Two forms are found in our specimens, smooth, 
whitish plants and pulverulent, brownish specimens. The latter, which is the 
condition usually found in my specimens from America, is no more evident in 
the American form than it is in many collections of Europe. I have thought 
that it may be the natural character of all, and that the smooth, pale collec- 
tions may be due to age or wet weather conditions. 

Second, Dehiscence. I note two types 
of dehiscence. Most plants we have seen 
and most descriptions and plates seem to 
show that the peridia break irregularly, 
falling away and leaving sometimes a pile 
of naked peridioles. Specimens that we 
have from Dr. Herbst (Fig. 7, enlarged 
four times) clearly show a circumscissile 
dehiscence. Sometimes we note indications 
of both these types in the same collection, 
but we would be glad to learn, from those 
who have an opportunity to observe the 
a plant growing, what are its natural methods 

Fig. 7. of dehiscence. No final conclusions can be 

reached as to whether one or ‘two species 

are involved until these questions are settled. As to spores and peridtoles, all are 
practically the same. 


Notes 9, 10, 11, see next page. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Germany, Otto Jaap. 

Ee MREN Rev, J. Lint. 

Canada, A. J. Hill. 

United States, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst; Minnesota, Dr. J. EK. Crewe; 
Louisiana, Rev. A. B. Langlois. 

Brasil, Rev. J. Rick. 


NIDGIVARIA AUSTRALIS (His. 8, “enlarged four times) -—— 
Peridium cinnamon brown, subpulverulent, subglobose, dehiscing’® in a 
circumscissile manner.  Peridioles 
small, about I mm., brown, rugulose 
when dry. Spores 10-11x4% (Tu- 
lasne’s measurement). 

But one collection of this species 
is known, made in Chile by Gay, and 
preserved in Tulasne’s herbarium. It 
grows on rotten wood, and in many 
of its features strongly reminds us of 
the previous species. The spores, ac- 
cording to Tulasne’s measurements, are relatively longer and the de- 
hiscence (of the only specimen that shows it) is more regularly 
- circumscissile. 


Fig. 8. 


NIDULARIA DURIAEANA (Fig. 9, enlarged 4 times ).—Peri- 
dium globose, brown, friable, scarcely exceeding I mm. in diameter. 
Peridioles small, brown, about 
¥%mm. Spores 64-7x 44-5 
(Tulasne’s measurement). 

This unique little species is 
only known from a single col- 
lection, made by Durieu in 
Mauritius and now preserved in 
Montagne’s herbarium. It is 
characterized by its very small 
size, the largest peridia meas- 
uring less than 14% mm. in di- 

Fig. 9. ameter. It grew on the naked 

ground in a little moss. From 

Tulasne’s figure it would appear to grow on a piece of wood, but that 
iseaiiserror, 


9Viz: Roth. Catal, Bot... 7). 25 EKhrb, Sylv. f. 3; Roth. Ust. Ann. Bot. T. r, f. x. 
10 Excepting Holmsk. Beata Rur. T. 4, f. 2, which we think is.a Nidula, not a Nidularia. 


11 Neither Roth who proposed the name Granularia, nor Miss White who juggled Tulasne’ 
genus Nidularia under Roth’s name seem to have had a very clear generic idea of Tulasne’s genus, 
Both of them refer here Micheli’s figure T. 102, f. 4, which clearly shows an epiphragm, and Micheli 
states the peridioles have funiculi.and indicates them in his ‘figure. The genus Nidularia has neither 
an epiphragm nor a funiculus. 


12 The only specimen that clearly shows this character. 


£ 


NIDULARIA FUSISPORA.—The only specimen of the genus 
Nidularia that ever reached Europe from Australasia was collected 
by Rodway in Tasmania, and is now preserved at Kew. It is only a 
little fragment of naked peridioles, but they present characters differ- 
ent from those of the European species. In size they are only about 
half as large, barely measuring 4% mm. The spores present the most 
marked difference, being narrower than those of other species. The 
largest of them, according to my measurements, are 5 x 12 mic. 


NIDULARIA HERIBAUDII (Figs. 10 and 11).—Peridium sub- 


globose. light color, friable, containing a few large, black peridioles. 


Fig. 10. Fige the 


Peridioles varying in size, the largest 3 mm. in diameter, black, smooth. 
Tunica thin. Spores broadly ovate, 6x8. 


This species of Nidularia differs entirely from all others in the large, black 
peridioles that are more of the nature of the peridioles of Cyathus, excepting 
that they do not have funiculi. The peridioles seem closely packed in the cup 
and are irregular in shape and size. ‘The peridiole that we show enlarged 
‘Fig. I1) appears to have'a scar as though it had been attached by a funiculus, 
but we have carefully examined all the peridioles of the specimen, and are 
assured of the complete absence of funiculi. The type specimen (Fig. Io, 
enlarged four times) is very scanty and was collected in the central part 
of France on pine branches. It is now in the museum at Paris. We think 
that Nidularia rudis, which was described from scanty material from California 
(under the name Granularia rudis) will prove to be the same plant, and it is 
an earlier name. We have seen no specimens, but should we examine them 
and find them the same as those at Paris, will adopt the name (specific, not the 
juggled, generic name). Our figure (10) is the type specimen, all that exists 
at Paris (enlarged 4 diameters). Fig. 11, a peridiole enlarged 10 diameters, 
but few are as regular as this one. 


THES GENUSSNI DUE 


Peridium cup-shaped, opening by a thin epiphragm. ‘The walls of 
the peridium consist of two layers, the inner thin, which is continuous 
with the layer that forms the epiphragm. In young specimens the 
outer (thick) layer is readily peeled away from the inner (thin) layer, 
but in old cups it is difficult to differentiate them. Peridioles free, 
imbedded when moist in a mucilaginous substance and not attached 
by funiculi. The genus Nidula is an excellent genus, recently pro- 
posed by Miss White. It has the cup and epiphragm of a Crucibulum 


10@) 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD PNG eo ee 


Fig. 1, natural size. Fig. 2, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 3, enlarged ro times. 
Fig. 4, peridioles enlarged 10 times. All froin Rev. J. Lind, Denmark. 


NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS. 


Fig. 5. Fig. 6. 


Fig. 5, natural size. Fig. 6, a young specimen, enlarged ro times. 
Fig. 5, enlarged 4 times. All from Rev. J. Rick, Brazil. 


NIDULARIA PISIFORMIS. 


Fig. 7, same as 


and the peridioles of a Nidularia. ‘The genus was overlooked by both 
Berkeley and Peck, who had previously worked. with it. Tulasne 
never saw a specimen in his life.17 The genus Nidula seems to be of a 
northern range. It reaches me abundantly from one correspondent 
(Albert J. Hill) New Westminister, Canada, and from Northwestern 
United States. I have it scantily from Japan and Australia, and Berke- 
ley had an ample collection from the Himalayas, India. It does not 
seem to occur in warm countries, or over the greater portion of the 
United States or Europe.™ 


NIDULA CANDIDA (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, with a 
spreading mouth, 1 to 1% cm. high. Outer surface shaggy-tomentose, 
the tomentum tufted. Peridioles 11%4-2 mm., broad, light brown, 
smooth (not wrinkled), with a thin tunica. Spores 4-6 x 8-10, ellip- 
tical, smooth, with granular contents. 

This plant reaches me only from Albert J. Hill, New Westminster, 
B. C.; Canada. It grows in damp places in the woods, usually on 
rotten sticks, twigs. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 
Canada, A. J. Hill (3 collections). 


! 


NIDULA MICROCARPA (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, 
with a straight or slightly spreading mouth. About % cm. high. 
Outer surface appressed-tomentose. Peridioles %-1 mm. broad, red- 
dish brown, rugulose when dry. Spores 5-6 x 7-8, elliptical, smooth. 

This plant is very close to the preceding and grows in similar local- 
ities. I was at first disposed to think it was only a variety. The peridia 
are smaller and smoother, peridioles smaller and darker color, and the 
spores are relatively broader. The cups of young specimens have 
a general resemblance to those of Crucibulum vulgare, but the plants 
can be easily distinguished as this has brown peridioles, and Cruci- 
bulum white peridioles. = 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Canada, Albert J. Hill (2 collections) ; Washington, T. C. Frye, C. V. 
Piper (2 collections). 


A FORM FROM AUSTRALIA.—I have received from F. M. Reader, 
collected in the County of Follett, a rather scanty collection, which for the 
present I refer to Nidula microcarpa. It has the same cups, but the peridioles 
are smaller (about 12 mm.), and the spores are slightly longer, 5-6x 8-10. It is 
the only collection of the genus Nidula known from Australia. We have also 
a single cup of a Nidula from Japan, but the material is so scanty we would 
not wish to say anything, other than to record the genus in Japan. 


12 It might appear that the section Scutula “ Peridium regulariter apice dehiscens’’ of Tulasne’s 
genus Nidularia is the same as Nidula. The only specimen of this section Tulasne saw was Nidula- 
ria australis, which is a true Nidularia as to its cup, and has no epiphragm. 


13] have never seen a specimen from Europe, but I am satisfied the old figure of Ho'mskjold 
(Beata Rur. T. 4, f. 2) represents this genus. 


Teh 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Australia, F. M. Reader. 
Japan, T. Yoshinaga. 


A LARGE FORM FROM WASHINGTON (Fig. 12). 
We have from T. C. Frye what we consider a large form 
of Nidula microspora, although the cups are more than twice 
as large as the usual form, and some spores are consider- 
ably larger, measuring 6x12. We hardly feel that the form 
is worthy of a name even as a form, as the size of the cups 
is a much varying factor in most species of Nidulariaceae. 


Fig. 12. SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Washington, 'T. C. Frye. 
NIDULA EMODENSIS (Plate 103).—Peridium cup-shaped, with 


a somewhat spreading mouth, white, shaggy-tomentose. Peridioles 
about I mm. in diameter, reddish brown, wrinkled when dry. Outer 
peridiole wall thick, of rigid, woven, colored fibrils, which have many 
short, spiny branches. (We have not met this structure in any other 
species of Nidulariaceae.) Spores ovate, 4x 8. 

There is an abundant collection of this species from Sikkim, in 
the Himalayas, India, in Hooker’s herbarium at Kew. It has a close, 
general resemblance to Nidula candida of Canada, but differs from 
all species known to me, in the peculiar, spiny, branched fibrils of the 
outer peridiole wall. It was described as Cyathus emodensis, and 
while the discovery of the “new species” was of interest, it would have 
been of more general interest had the author discovered that he had 
a “new genus,” very different in the nature of the peridioles from the 
genus Cyathus in which it was placed. 


NIDULA GRANULIFERA.—While we have never seen a specimen of 
the genus Nidula from Europe, we feel confident that the plant illustrated 
in Holmskjold’s Beata Rur. (T. 4, f. 2), about a hundred years ago, was 
drawn for a Nidula. As to species, of course, the plate tells nothing, and it 
will probably prove to be one of the species recently described from America. 


THE GENUS CRUCIBULUM. 


Peridium cup-shaped, composed of a single, thick, uniform layer, 
lined on the inner side with a very thin, often silvery lining, which 
~ Is said to be the “remnant of the mucilaginous matter that fills the 
cup,’ but appears to me to be a distinct, but very thin membrane. 
When young the mouth is covered with an epiphragm, yellow tomen- 
tose on the surface. Peridioles numerous, filling the cup, attached 
to the cup by a simple funiculus, which can be extended at length 
when moist. ‘Tunica, a loosely woven, thick,'* easily ruptured mem- 
brane. Peridioles (deprived of tunica) black. The walls of the 
peridiole are 90-100 mm. thick, closely woven, black externally, but the 
inner portion subtransparent. The interior of the peridiole is hyaline, 


14 Compared to the tunica of all other Nidulariacez. 


hi 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD. PIP Mliissie 


Fig. 1. 


Pig. 2. 


Fig. 1, plants natural size. Fig. 2, a young specimen, section enlarged to times. Fig. 3, 
a specimen enlarged 4 times. All from Albert J. Hill, Canada. 


.NIDULA CANDIDA. 


Fig. 4. 


Fig. 6. 


Fig. 4, specimens from Albert J. Hill, Canada. Fig. 5, young specimens from 
C. V. Piper, Washington. Fig. 6, specimens enlarged four times. 


NIDULA MICROCARPA. 


Fig. ila 


Fig. 7, type specimens (enlarged 4 times) at Kew. 


NIDULA EMODENSIS. 


about 200 mm. thick at the broadest part, consisting of innumerable el- 
liptical, hyaline spores, imbedded in irregularly shaped, hyaline tissue. 

The genus Crucibulum consists of a single known species,’® very 
common in Europe, America and Australia, ‘and reported from North 
Africa, Mauritius and other countries. I have never seen specimens 
from the tropics proper. 


CRUCIBULUM VULGARE, (Plate 104).—Peridium bell-shaped, 
usually about 8 mm. high and broad at the mouth. When young with 
a yellowish velvety tomentum externally, but soon becoming smooth 

sees and brown, when very old often bleach- 

eat! ing white. Even without and within. 

The mouth covered when young with 

an epiphragm, which is a continuation 

of the walls of the peridium. It 1s cov- 
ered with a yellowish tomentum on the 

upper surface, consisting under the mi- 

croscope of peculiar hairs with numer- 

ous short, sharp branches. (Fig. 13, 

taken from Tulasne.) The normal pe- 

ridioles measure about 2 mm. in diam- 

eter. They vary in size, and peridioles 

s- Measuring 174 to 244 mm. are some- 

2 times found in the same cup. The 

tunica is light colored, usually white in 

old specimens,** and consists of a loosely 

woven membrane which frequently rup- 

tures. The peridiole (deprived of this tunica) is black. The funiculus 

is a simple, elastic, thin cord, capable of long extension when wet. It 
is attached to a little nipple-like protuberance on the peridiole. 

The spores are very numerous, and fill the interior of the peridiole, 
imbedded in an irregular, angular tissue. They are hyaline, elliptical, 
and measure 4-6x 8-10 mic. Crucibulum vulgare is probably the 
most common and widely spread bird’s nest fungus that grows. It 
occurs over Europe, America and Australia, and probably other coun- 
tries. It grows on twigs, chips, old mats and debris of various kinds, 
and sometimes on dry manure cakes. It rarely (if ever) occurs grow- 
ing on the earth or on large logs. Very often the cups grow inside 
of old cups of the same species, as shown in figs. 2 and 4, plate 104, 
and this is the only “bird’s nest fungus” I have ever noticed with this 
habit. A very small form (Plate 104, fig. 3) is often met, particularly 
in Australia, frequently on dry cakes of manure, which has cups 
3-4 mm. broad and proportionately small peridioles. 


Fig. 13. 


15 Two other species have been ‘‘described’’ but they are both errors. Miss White has examined 
Crucibulum juglandicolum and states its synonymy with Crucibulum vulgare. I can state the same 
as to Crucibulum simile. The latter was need on supposedly smaller spores, but my measurements 

how them to be exactly the same as the normal plant. 


16 And by this character Crucibulum vulgare can be readily recognized as it is the only ‘‘ bird’s 
iest-fungi’’ known with white ‘‘eggs.”’ 


13 


SYNONYMS.—Tulasne, who straightened out the subject, gives the 
following synonyms: Cyathus crucibuliformis, Nidularia Crucibulum, Nid- 
ularia leucosperma, Cyathus ericetorum, Cyathus cylindricus, Nidularia levis, 
Cyathus Crucibulum, Peziza crucibuliformis, Peziza lentifera, Peziza Pyxis, 
Peziza levis. 

These were mostly based on the vagaries of the old botanists who seemed to 
think every time they considered the plant they had to give it a new name. 
In addition (see Note 15, page 13), Nidularia juglandicola, Crucibulum 
juglandicolum, Crucibulum simile, Cyathus fimetarius, Cyathus fimicola, Cy- 
athus pezizoides and Cyathus pusio are all synonyms. The latter three from 
Australia are all the same plant, small specimens of Crucibulum vulgare. And 
then, as if this poor, little plant did not have enough burdens to bear in the 
way of useless names, Miss White recently added another to the load, Cruci- 
bulum crucibuliforme, pure name-jugglery. 


SPECIMENS IN Our CQgLLECTION. 


Canada, J. Macoun. 

Minnesota, Dr. Mary S. Whetstone, Dr. J. E. Crewe; Wisconsin, Chas. 
E. Brown; New Hampshire, C. E. Montgomery; Massachusetts, G. E. Morris, 
Clara E. Cummings, R. B. Mackintosh; Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst, Charles 
Mcllvaine, Mrs. Dallas; Washington, D. C., A. Hrdlicha; Jilinois, H. C. Beards- 
lee; Ohio, Walter H. Aiken, Thomas Bell, C. G. Lloyd; Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd; 
Maryland, W. T. Lakin; Georgia, H. N. Starnes; North Carolina, Miss Mary 
Fitzgerald; Missouri, P. Spaulding; Colorado, Ernest Knaebel; California, 
Hdwiek. Ely: 

Ireland, Greenwood Pim; Scotland, Mary lL. Miles; England, C. Crossland, 
Mrs. A. Montague, FE. W. Swanton. 

France, N. Patouillard, G. Renaudet, Capt. Pyat Felix, L. Rolland, Rev. H. 
Bourdot, Dr. X. Gillot. 

Spain, T. de Aranzadi. 

Belgium, Madame Rousseau. . 

Germany, Otto Jaap, Wm. Kriiger, C. Engelke, Prof. Plottner, Dr. O. 
Pazschke, Madame Schultze-Wege. 

Bohemia, F. Bubak, A. Weidmann. 

witzerland, Denis Cruchet. 

Denmark, J. Lind, Rev. A. Breitung. 

Sweden, I, Romell, L. Neger, C. G. Lloyd. 

Russia, A. Jaczewski. 

Australia, Melbourne, F. Reader. 

(Nore—There are at Kew several collections of this species from Aus- 
40a lia) 


THE GENUS CYATHUS. 


Peridium cup-shaped, composed of three distinct layers. When 
young the mouth is covered with a thin, white, smooth epiphragm.'* 
Peridioles, usually filling only about one-half.the cup, always black, 
attached to the cup by funiculi. Tunica usually very thin, on some 
species none, white, but so thin it hardly masks the black color of 
the peridiole wall. Spores hyaline, varying much in size (from 6 to 40 
mic.) in the different species, imbedded in irregular, angular, hyaline 


_ i8The epiphragm of Cyathus, in some species at least, when very young is covered with loose 
hairs, which early fall away leaving the usual epiphragm a very thin, white membrane, stretched 
tensely over the mouth of the cup like the head of a drum. 


14 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD DieAtlitE 104 


Fig. 1, growing on an old mat. (Most of these have the epiphragms unbroken.) 


CRUCIBULUM VULGARE. 


Fig. 3. 


Fig. 4. 


Fig. 5. Fig. 6. 


Fig. 7. Fig. 8. 


Fig. 2, growing on pine cone. Fig. 3, a small form on manure. Specimens 
from C. E. Montgomery, New Hampshire. Fig. 4, growing on a stick. Fig. 5, 
peridioles enlarged (10) showing the broken tunica. Fig. 6, same, (under side) 
showing the “nipple.” Fig. 7, section of peridiole enlarged (15). Fig. 8, a very 
young specimen enlarged (Io). 


CRUCIBULUM VULGARE. 


tissue. The genus Cyathus includes more species than all the other 
genera of Nidulariaceae combined. But two common species occur 
in Europe (Cyathus striatus and Cyathus vernicosus) and in America 
in addition to these two, we have another common species (Cyathus 
stercoreus). Most of the species are of warm countries, and very 
different from the above three. The genus Cyathus is readily divided 
into two sections :1° 


EUCYATHUS.—Cups striate inside. 
OLLA.—Cups even and smooth inside. 


The greatest difference that is found in the species of Cyathus is 
the size of the spores. Some species have very large spores, others 
very small spores, and most of the species have medium-sized spores. 
We would divide the genus into five sections according to the general 
nature of the cups and peridioles. 


Section 1.—Eucyathus—Cups striate. | Tunica none or very thin. Outer 
peridiole wall thick, of coarse, colored fibrils. 


Section 2.—Eucyathus—Cups striate. Tunica none, or a thin membrane. 
Outer peridiole wall not strongly different from the inner. 


Section 3—Olla—Cups even, with strigose, shaggy hairs. Tunica none. 
Outer peridiole wall with coarse-colored fibrils. 


_ Section 4.—Olla—Cups even, with hirsute, hispid, coarse hairs. Tunica a 
thin, soft membrane. Outer peridiole wall not strongly different from the inner. 


Section 5.—Olla—Cups even, rigid, comparatively smooth, with fine subap- 
pressed hairs. Outer peridiole wal! not strongly different from the inner. 


SEC LLON Sr: 
CYATHUS POEPPIGII (Plate 105).—Cups conic, bell-shaped, 


8-10 x 5-6 mm., dark brown, strigose, hirsute, striate within and 
strongly striate externally. Peridioles black, 1%4-2 mm. in diameter, 
with a thick, fibrous, outer peridiole wall. ‘Tunica none. Spores very 
large, varying much in size, even in the same peridiole,*° but always 
large. Usually 24-28 x 30-42 mic. We have noted them as large as 
oe Oa Inic: 

This is a frequent species in warm countries, and probably occurs 
throughout the warm regions of the earth. We have it from four 
widely distant localities, and have seen many others at Paris and Lon- 
don. It seems to replace Cyathus striatus of temperate regions, and 
to have very much the same habits. In Samoa we found it growing 
densely caespitose on a piece of rotten cloth. 


19 We include in ‘‘ Eucyathus”’ only those species that are distinctly, strongly striate. Some of 
the species placed in ‘‘ Olla”’ when old have faint striae, but we feel they are better placed in “ Olla”’ 
than “ Eucyathus.” 


20 We give the measurements of six spores, all averaging small, from the same peridiole of a 
amoan Specimen: 10 x 925012)x 26 912) x 20 2 & LO. 12) 34.5014) X 40% 


2 15 


SYNONYMS.—Poeppig distributed it from Cuba as Cyathus plicatulus, 
which name was changed by Tulasne when he published it. Fries claims that 
Cyathus plicatus, “published” by him “priorly” is the same plant.” 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Mauritius, Chas. A. O’Connor. 
German East Africa, Dr. K. Braun. 
Australia, Brisbane, J. H. Simmonds. 


Samoa, Cie. Lloyd. 


Berlin Botanical Garden, Dr. Hennings (adventitious). 


CYATHUS LIMBATUS (Plate 105).—Peridium 7-10 mm. high, 
conic, bell-shaped, dark brown, strigose, hirsute, often becoming 
smooth in old specimens. Striate within, but the external striae are 
hidden by the hirsute covering when young. Old specimens where 
this external hirsute layer has fallen away are strongly striate exter- 
nally. Peridioles black, 114-2 mm. in diameter, with a thick, outer 
wall. Spores elliptical, 8-lox 16 mic. (in type). I refer here, how- 
ever, specimens having spores 10-12 x 16-22. 

This seems to be a frequent species in the West Indies, growing 
usually on the bare ground. Mr. W. Harris sends it to me in quan- 
tity from Hope Gardens, Jamaica. It often develops a brown mycelium 
at base, as many species do.*? Old specimens lose the external, hirsute 
covering, and become smooth and striate, hardly appearing like the 
same plant. (Cfr., Plate 105, figs. 9 and 10.) ‘Tulasne compares it to 
Cyathus Poeppigii as to cups. The cups are not so strongly striate 
as Poeppigii, and the striae are coarser. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 
Jamaica, W. Harris (in quantity), Wm. Cradwick. 


NOTE.—We have received from A. Thibou, Antigua, _a related plant, 
which we do not publish on account of the paucity of material (4 cups). It 
is apparently distinct, however, in its narrow spores, 6x20 mic. We hope 


for additional material. 

CYATHUS GAYANUS (Plate 105).—Peridium about 1%4 cm. 
high, 5-6 mm. broad, narrow, conic, dark brown, striate within and 
faintly without, strigose, hirsute. Peridioles black, large, 3 mm., 
with thick outer wall. Spores subglobose, large, varying from 20 to 
e2emis 


21 After Tulasne had published his magnificent monograph, showing how the species of Nidula- 
iraceae can be distinguished. Fries came out with the claim that Cyathus Poeppigii was Nidularia 
plicata. Wedonot know whether it is true or not, and to our mindit isimmaterial. If it is true, 
Tulasne gave the characters by which the plant can be recognized, and Fries gave not a single char- 
acter by which it can be distinguished from any similar species. When a boy I used to pjay a game 
where the chief argument was ‘‘ That is mine, I saw it first,’’ and I think the argument is equal y childish 
as applied to nomenclature. No man should attempt to displace careful, accurate, thorough work that 
can be correctly interpreted, solely on the strength of vague, indefinite work on the same subject, done 
at a previous date. Authors should realize that they have obligations to mycology other than ‘‘seeing 
new species first,’’ and that they should not only ‘‘see’’ them, but should describe them, and partic- 
ularly should z//ustrate them so accurately that others can ‘‘see’”’ them. ‘Then only should a man 
have the assumption to claim recognition for his ‘‘new species’’ on the ground of priority. I have 
great respect for the pJrzority of good work. 

22On this account, perhaps, Mr. Harris’ specimens have been determined as Cyathus byssise- 
dus, described by Junghuhn from Java. I do not feel that any one is justified in deciding a plant to 
be Cyathus byestsedile on either the description or figure. Certainly not this plant which differs in 
habits from those shown by Junghuhn. 


23 Tulasne gives the measurement ‘‘ 15-17 x 20-22 mic.”” In the type I find some as large as 32 mic. 


16 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD. Eo) Pes aad Gl Be 105. 


Fig. 1, type specimen, Herbarium Tulasne, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 2, speci- . 
mens from Chas. A. O’Connor, Mauritius. Fig. 3, from Dr. K. Braun, German 
East Africa. Fig. 5, C. G. Lloyd, Samoa (on old mat). Fig. 4, section peridiole 
enlarged 15 times. 


SSONINSAORS IODC OE: 


rig. 6. 


Fig. 6, type specimens, Herbarium Tulasne, enlarged 4 times. 


CYATHUS GAYANUS. 


Fig. 11. 


Fig. 7, specimens from William Harris, Jamaica. Fig. 8, type in Herbarium 
Montagne (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 9, a young hirsute specimen (enlarged 4 
times). Fig. 10, old striate specimens (enlarged 4 times). Fig. 11, section 
peridiole (enlarged 15 times). 


CYATHUS LIMBATUS. 


But one collection is known from Chile by Gay, which is now in 
Tulasne’s herbarium. It was said to grow on horse manure, but it 
appears to me as though it grew on rich earth. Its large, subglobose 
spores and habitat (if true) would ally it to Cyathus stercoreus, but it 

- belongs in a different section on account of its striate cup. 


SECTION 2. 
CYATHUS STRIATUS (Plate 106).—Peridium obconic, cup- 


shaped, dark brown (in some forms much darker than others), hirsute, 
_strigose, with coarse, shaggy hairs, which are disposed to bend down- 
ward. Externally the cups are even; internally they are regularly and 
strongly striate. Epiphragm a thin, white membrane, at first strigose, 
but the hairs soon fall away, leaving the epiphragm smooth. ‘The epi- 
phragm soon breaks around the edges and falls away. Peridioles 
about 2 mic. in diameter, with a soft, pale tunica, which is thin on the 
margin and top of the peridioles, thicker below, where it usually re- 
mains attached, forming a kind of pad (when wet and swollen). The 
tunica rarely ruptures in the typical form of Cyathus striatus, but is 
generally seen entirely surrounding the ripe peridiole. Spores ellip- 
tical-ovoid, rounded at the ends, but slightly more narrow at one end 
than the other, 8-10 x 18-20 mic. 

The type form of this plant is very common, but occurs only as 
far as I know in Europe. The American form is quite different, par- 
ticularly in its tunica characters. I have seen no form from Australia.?4 


SYNONYMS.—This plant, like all common plants, has received a great 
many names through the vagaries of the old botanists. ‘Tulasne has given 
the following synonyms: Peziza cyathiformis, Peziza striata, Peziza hirsuta, 
Nidularia striata, Nidularia hirsuta. The latest juggled name for it is Cyathia 
hirsuta. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Sweden, L. Romell, C. G. Lloyd. 

England, Chas. Crossland, Mrs. A. Montague. 

Ireland, Greenwood Pim. 

Switzerland, Denis Cruchet. 

Belgium, Madme Rousseau, Dr. O. Pazschke. 

Germany, W. Krueger, Fritz Noack, Prof. Plottner, Otto Jaap, Dr. O. 
Pazschke, C. Engelke. 

Austria, A. Weidmann. 

France, J. Lagarde, Rev. H. Bourdot, Ll. Rolland. 

Portugal, Rev. C. Torrend. 

Italy. Dr. C. Massalongo. 


CYATHUS SCHWEINITZII (Plate 106).—I think that this plant should 

he considered as Tulasne has it, a variety of Cyathus striatus of Europe, al- 
iough many “species” are made on much less differences. Most American 
stanists who were probably not aware that it differs from the European plant, 
ave called it Cyathus striatus without distinction. Peridium pale brown, 


24 Which is somewhat surprising to me as the other three, common species of *‘ bird’s-nest-fungi ” 
of Europe and America are frequent in Australia also, 


17 


rarely dark as the European. Externally strigose, hirsute, but not so coarse 
as the European. Generally growing on twigs and branches to which it 1s 
attached by a brown, mycelial pad. Rarely in the ground. Sometimes I 
have found it on brush heaps far above the surface of the ground, (The Euro- 
pean plant usually grows in the soil unattached to wood, sometimes on buried 
or half-buried wood, but never, I think, truly epixylous. ‘Tunica very thin, 
early rupturing and mostly disappearing from the ripe peridiole. (The strong- 
est point of difference between the American and the European plants is the 
nature of the tunica). Spores 6-8x 18-20, averaging slightly smaller than 
the European form. ‘The form “Schweinitzii,’ which was pointed out by Tul- 
asne is the common form that I have always found in America. All that 
have reached me from American correspondents, with one exception, grew 
on wood. L. L. Perrine, North Dakota, sends me a collection that grew in 
the ground, but which agrees with the usual American form in the thin 
tunica. At T'rexlertown, Pennsylvania, I made a collection, dark like the usual 
European form, but otherwise as the American. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Canada, J. Dearness, T. N. Willing. 

North Dakota, L. L. Perrine; Wisconsin, C. E. Brown; Minnesota, Dr. J. 
E. Crewe, Dr. M. S. Whetstone; Massachusetts, Clara E. Cummings; New 
York, W. H. Long, Jr.; Pennsylvania, Dr. Wm. Herbst, Miss E. Hodges, C. G. 
Lloyd; West Virginia, C. G. Lloyd; Ohio, David L. James, C. G. Lloyd; Ken- 
tucky, C. G. Lloyd; North Carolina, Mrs. M. A. Noble; Missouri, Dr. N. M. 
Glatfelter; Jowa, R. E. Buchanan, J. F. Clarke; Washington, C. V. Piper. 


CYATHUS MONTAGNEI (Plate 107).—Peridium obconic, cup- 
shaped, 8-10 mm. high, 8 mm. broad at mouth, internally striate, ex- 
ternally woolly, hirsute, tawny, ferruginous color, attached to the 
matrix by a pad of tawny mycelium. Peridioles about 2 mm. in diam- 
eter, black with a thin tunica. Spores about 12 x 20, elliptical in the 
type. (In specimens from Rev. Rick they are rather ovate.) 

This species is only known from Brazil, and is marked in color 
and habitat, growing scattered on rough bark,?® to which it is attached 
by a pad of mycelium. We have plants from Rev. Rick that correspond 
to the type, excepting the spores are more ovate.*®° The external striae 
are not so marked as in most species of this section, but are evident 
in the type specimen, and very distinct in one collection I have from 
Rev. Rick. 


CYATHUS NIGRO-ALBUS (Plate 107).—Peridium conic, cup- 
shaped, 6-7 mm. high, 4-5 mm. broad at mouth, externally strigose, 
hirsute, even, dark brown, almost black color. Internally silvery white 
(hence the name), faintly striate. Peridioles 1% mm. in diameter, with 
a thin tunica. Spores elliptical, 12 x 16-22. 

I collected this species in Samoa on rotten wood. It grew densely 
caespitose, and is strongly marked by its dark (almost black) color. 
In a general way it is related to Cyathus Montagnei. The spores vary 


25 The specimen, fig. 1, plate 107, grew ona stick, but the original collection, as well as most we 
have received from Rev. Rick, grew on the rough, tree bark. : 

} 26 We are unable to confirm Tulasne’s note that there is no line of division of the spore-bearing 
tissue. The line in the type peridiole seems as distinct to measin the other species. If we were guess- 
ing, we would judge from the figure that this plant is Cyathus byssisedus as illustrated by Junghuhn, 
from Java. 

18 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD a IPAs HOO: 


Fig. 5. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. 


Fig. 1, plants from L. Romell, Sweden. Fig. 2, from J. Lagarde, France. 
Figs. 3 and 4, from Rev. C. Torrend, Spain. Fig. 5, cup enlarged 4 times. Fig. 
6, external hairs enlarged 10 times. Figs. 7, 8, and 9, peridioles enlarged tIo 
times, the latter soaked in water to swell the tunica. 


CVA LH US SL RUA ES, 


Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 


Figs. 10 and I1, specimens at Cincinnati. Fig. 12, cup enlarged 4 times. 
Fig. 13, external hairs enlarged to times. Fig. 14, enlarged, half the outer cup 
removed to show the peridioles in the inner cup at base. 


CYATHUS SCHWEINITZII. | a 


much in length in same peridiole, some measuring 12x 16, others 
12x22. It is a rare plant in Samoa, and I saw it but once. 


CYATHUS NOVAE-ZEELANDIAE (Fig. 14, 
enlarged 4 times, from the type).—Peridium 8-10 
mm. high, cylindrical, cup-shaped, dark, almost black, 
striate, appressed tomentose. Peridioles 2-2% mm., 
black, with thin tunica. Spores 6x12 mic., el- 
liptical. 

The type specimens grew caespitose on rough 
bark, and were collected by Raoul in New Zealand. 
The cups are darker, smoother, more cylindrical than 
others of this section. We have seen only the type 
specimens that we feel sure should be referred here. 
We have a very similar plant from K. Miyabe, Japan, 
but the material is so scanty we would prefer not to 


decide. 


Gyese ee isa OM LGU) Se bose 5 
This species is known from very scanty type 
material. The cups are of the same general 
nature as those of Cyathus limbatus, but the 
outer peridiole walls are not formed of coarse 
fibrils, hence it is put in another section. It 
differs from all the section in its very large 
spores, stated by Tulasne to be 33 x 22 mic. 
We have not found any spores in such perid- 
ioles as we have examined. Fig 15 from the 
type, enlarged four times. This species was 
evidently doubtful to Tulasne, as its name 
indicates. It is also very dubious to us. 


Fig. 15. 


CYATHUS BERKELEYANUS (Plate 107).—Peridium 6-8 mm., 
high, strongly striate externally, strigose hirsute. Peridioles 112-2 mm. 
in diameter, black with thin tunica. Spores very small, 4-5 x 6-8 mic. 
(In Mr. Millen’s specimens, which we refer here, they are almost 
globose. ) 

No material is now to be found in the Tulasne herbarium, but the 
types are at Kew. They were collected at Rio Janeiro, Brazil, by Chas. 
Darwin. They are strongly striate and resemble small specimens of 
limbatus. The plant differs from all other species in the striate sec- 
tions in its very small spores. It was called by Tulasne Cyathus micro- 
sporus var. Berkeleyanus, and while it has the peridiole and spores of 
Cyathus microsporus, the cups are quite different, and I think Miss 
White was perfectly correct in holding it as a distinct species. We 
have an abundant and fine collection from H. Millen, ‘Tobago, which, 
however, has spores more globose than the type. 


19 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 
Tobago, H. Millen. 


SECTION 3 
CYATHUS STERCOREUS (Plate 108).—Cups varying from 


cylindrical, bell-shaped, to more or less infundibuliform, sessile or 
stalked at the base, light brown in color,** covered with shaggy, woolly, 
matted hairs. Old specimens become smoother, and the matted hairs 
are not so marked. Within the cups are even and not striate. Tunica 
none. Peridioles black, about 2 mm. in diameter, with a thick, rigid, 
outer wall, consisting largely of rigid, deeply colored fibrils. The 
peridioles are usually attached to the cups by funiculi, but rarely 
specimens occur that have only a few of the /ower peridioles attached, 
those in the upper part of the cup being destitute of funiculi. Spores 
large, subglobose, varying much in size, even in the same peridiole. 
In the United States the average size is 30 to 40 mic. In Jamaica 
and India they run from 26 to 30 mic., and in Japan they are still 
smaller, from 16 to 24 mic. 


This is probably the most common species that grows in the United 
States. It is a manure-loving plant, and is found sometimes on dry 
cakes of manure. Usually it grows in such manured places as lawns, 
gardens, soil in hot houses, rubbish, etc. I have seen the manured 
soil under currant bushes literally covered with the little cups, ex- 
tending yards in extent. It is of wide distribution in the world, and 
probably occurs in every country where manure occurs. It is common 
in Japan and Australia. I have seen it from Mexico, Madagascar, 
Jamaica, Africa, Antigua, India and South America. It occurs in 
Europe, but strange to say, is a very rare plant in Europe.?®. While 
there is no real resemblance between this plant and Cyathus vernicosus, 
it is often confused with vernicosus.*® However, there are no good 
reasons whatever for confusion with vernicosus if attention is paid 
to the spores. : 


FORMS.—It is very constant in its leading characters, viz: the nature of 
the shaggy coat of the cup, the thick, peculiar, outer peridiole wall, the large, 
subglobose spores. It varies so much as to size and shape of the cups that 
scarcely two collections are the same. ‘The form, with a stalked cup, slender 
and infundibuliform, was called by Tulasne Cyathus Lesueurii. Taking our 
idea of this form from Tulasne’s specimens, we would consider the other 
extreme form, which grows on cakes of manure and is unstalked, short and 


27 The specimens I received from G. A. Gammie, Poona, India, were of so light a color that I did 
not recognize them at first. 


28 I have it from but three of my correspondents in Europe. At Kew there is but a single collec- 
tion made in Europe, and at Paris not one. 


29 Thus Ravenel’s herbarium has many collections of Cyathus stercoreus labeled Cyathus ver- 
nicosus. It was twice distributed thus misnamed by Ravenel and twice by Ellis. Miss Marshall’s il- 
lustration of vernicosus is evidently stercoreus. The photogravure that we sent out (No. 7) many 
years ago as Crucibulum vulgare was made from Cyathus stercoreus. (See correction, p. 88, Myc. 
Notes.) 


20 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD. Sead is Geb... 


Figs -1. 


1 By. 


Fig. I, specimens from Rev. J. Rick, Brazil. Fig. 2, type specimen (enlarged 
4 times) in Herbarium Montagne. Fig. 3, section peridiole (enlarged 15 times) 


CYATHUS MONTAGNEI. 


Fig. 4. Fig. .5. 


Fig. 4, specimens collected in Samoa. Fig. 5, enlarged 4 times. 


CYATHUS NIGRO-ALBUS. 


Fig. 6, specimens from H. Millen, Tobago. Fig. 7, type at Kew (enlarged 4 
times). Fig. 8, a specimen from H. Millen (enlarged 4 times). 


CYATHUS BERKELEYANUS. 


subcylindrical as the type form of Cyathus stercoreus. So many intermediate 
forms occur, however, that the larger part of the collections we receive we 
would not know whether to call stercoreus or Le- 
sueurii. There are many small forms which Tulasne 
called “var. minor,” but there is no such thing as 
separating the various collections. Plants from the 
extreme South, from Florida and Texas, are usually 
the small form. 


SYNONYMS.—The following we consider syn- 
onyms: Cyathus melanosperma (Nidularia  mela- 
nosperma, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 4-253), based on 
specimens where the spores average large.” Cyathus 
affnis (Madagascar) based on specimens where the 
spores average small and not so globose as usual. 
Cyathus Wrightii (Grev. 2-34) based on sterile™ 
specimens (Fig. 16, type X 4), Cyathus rufipes (Bull. 
Torr. 97-125), based on specimens with spores aver- 
aging rather small, and with slight development of 
brown mycelium at base.” Cyathus Baileyi (Grev. 
21-3).” Cyathus Puiggarii, one of Spegazzini’s pro- 
ductions from South America, we have not seen, 
but the description and habitat is exactly that of 
Fig 16. Cyathus stercoreus, and we have Cyathus stercoreus 
from the same section. 


FORMS OF CYATHUS STERCOREUS. 


CYATHUS LESUEURII (Plate 108).—As we have previously stated this 
form (typically) differs from Cyathus stercoreus in its shape, but so many 
intermediate forms occur that it is not practicable in naming specimens to 
keep it distinct. In our plate we give photographs of the type material, which 
is abundantly preserved at Paris. 


CYATHUS RUFIPES (Plate 108).—The type specimens of Cyathus rufipes 
have the brown mycelium at the base hardly developed out of the ordinary,* and 
were this the only collection we had seen with this character, we would not con- 
sider it with a separate name. We have received specimens from C. E. Pleas, 
Florida, with such a strong development of this mycelium that it forms a large 
ball at the base of the plant, and as it is the same idea (in an intensified form) 
that Ellis had when he named the Kansas specimen, we use the name. ‘The plants 
are stalked, more slender than the form Lesueurii and each at its base has a large 
ball of reddish brown mycelium, 44 cm. in diameter. The spores are imma- 
ture, but from the nature of the cup and the structure of the peridiole, I do 
not hesitate to refer it to a form of stercoreus. ‘Two species have been pre- 
viously named from the habit that Cyathi have of developing a pad of brown 
mycelium at the base! Cyathus byssisedus from Java, and Cyathus subiculosus, 


30 We can note no difference in the general size of spores from type material of Cyathus 
stercoreus and Cyathus melanosperma. While in the latter there are many large spores there are also 
small ones and some we note measure not over 20 mic. 


31 We have examined two peridioles from the type specimens and found them both sterile. Pro- 
fessor Farlow, at our request, has kindly made an examination of the co-types in the Curtis collec- 
tion and finds them all sterile. We are unable to explain the spore measurements, ro x 15 mic. as given, 
but think it is an error, for with the same cups, peridioles and peculiar outer peridiole walls of Les- 
ueurii we bave no doubt of its identity. In addition peridioles of the Zavge spored Cyathi are /re- 
quently sterile, while it is a character of ad// smad/ spored species that the spores are always abundant. 
Miss White has given a really comical drawing of Cyathus Wrightii. Compare fig. 16, photograph of 
the type specimen with her figure. 


. 82 All species of Cyathus, I think without exception, if they grow on a hard matrix, such asa 
piece of wood, straw, etc., develop brown mycelium at the base. Growing on the earth this is not usu- 
ally developed. Taken alone the brown mycelium at the base of a Cyathus is no character whatever. 


831 found no specimens so labeled at Kew. The only collection from ‘ Bailey, on manure,”’ is 
dabeled Cyathus fimetarius and is Cyathus stercoreus. 


34 See note 32 above. 
P| 


which was adventitious in the Botanical Garden at Bruxelles, on some earth 
from Mexico. In the former plant the development of mycelium, I judge from 
the picture, was not out of the ordinary, but in the latter plant the mycelium 
forms a large ball about twice the diameter of the little, subglobose cup that. 
is seated upon it. Neither is accompanied by any spore or other characters 
from which any idea can be obtained of the relationship of the plants. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Canada, 'T. N. Willing. 

Vermont, E. A. Burt; New Hampshire, C. EK. Montgomery; Connecticut, 
De WP Ios Weta Preston: Minnesota, Dr. M. E. Whetstone; Massachusetts, 
Ae) ara Cummings: New York, W. N. Clute; Pennsylvania, C. H. Baker; 
New ‘Tersey, H. A. Bird, F. K. Vreeland; Washington, D. C.. Flora L. Pat- 
terson, F. J. Braendle; Ohio, A. P. Morgan, Mrs. A. J. Wolfert, Frank Hunts- 
man, W. C. Dawson, C. G. Lloyd; Kentucky, C. G. Lloyd; South Dakota, L- 
W. Carter; North Dakota, J. F. Brenckle; Nebraska, Rev. J. M. Bates; Kansas, 
E, Bartholomew (type of Cyathus rufipes) ; North Carolina, Miss Mary Fitz- 
gerald; Florida, Mrs. M. A. Noble, Theo. L. Mead, Mrs. Sams, C. E. Pleas 
(Cyathus rufipes, see Plate-XXX).> J exus, (We Hae Long. jr. af W. Stiles; 
California, S. B. Parish. 

Italy, M. Bezzi, Dr. C. Massalongo. 

France, Capt. Pyat Felix. 

Japan, 'T. Ichimura, Toji Nishida, J. Yoshinaga (2 collections), K. Miyabe 
(2 collections), S. Kusano (3 collections). 

South America, Argentine, Theo. Stuckert. 

Jamaica, W. Jekyll (3 collections). 

Antigua, A. Thibou. 

Madagascar, Ex. Herb, N. Patouillard (type of Cyathus affinis). 

Africa, Zambesi Falls, from Professor Massee. 

Australia (While I have received no specimens, there are a number at Kew). 

British India, G. A. Gammie. 


SECTION 4. 


This section only occurs in the tropics. The plants are very much alike as to 
cups, having pale-colored cups with spreading, hispid hairs. The difference 
is chiefly in the spores, and while this difference is very marked in the few 
collections we have, it will probably prove that when abundant material is re- 
ceived the spore sizes and shapes run into each other, so that it is not practi- 
cable to maintain “species” on spore characters alone. At the same time we 
would not feel justified in throwing them together from the collections that 
we have. 


CYATHUS PALLIDUS (Plate 109).—Peridium pale-colored, cam- 
panulate, 6-7 mm. high, 5-6 mm. broad at mouth, blotched with spread- 
ing hairs at first dense, but at length becoming thinner and scattered. 
Cups even within and without.*® Peridioles about 2 mm. in diameter 
with very thin tunica and thin, single walls. Spores small, elliptical, 
largest about 7x 10 mic., smallest about 5 x 8 mic.*® 

Originally described from Cuba (Wright, 684), we have the plant 
also from Jamaica and Antigua. Miss Barrett’s specimens (Plate 109, 
figs. 3 and 4) from Jamaica, have notably smaller, more urn- shaped 


35 The panes I have from Jamaica are perfectly even within, The type specimens appear 
very slightly striate, but the plant belongs in the section ‘ Olla,’’ not in Eucyathus as found in Sac- 
cardo. : 

36 The spores are described as ‘‘ subglobose, 1o mic,”’ but my examination of the type which 
agrees with Miss White’s measurements of the co-types shows them rather elliptical. 


PRPS 


Issued by C. G. LLOYI]). PAVE 108. 


Figos 


Fig. 1, from Cincinnati. Fig. 2, from C. E. Montgomery, New Hampshire. 
Fig. 3, from W. C. Dawson, Ohio. Fig. 4 (enlarged 4 times), from M. Bezzi, Italy. 
Fig. 5 (enlarged 4 times), from Cincinnati. Fig. 6, section peridiole (enlarged 15 
times). 


CYATHUS STERCOREUS. 


Pe 
Fig. 7. Fig. 9. 
Fig. 7, type (enlarged 4 times) from E. Bartholomew, Kansas. Fig. 8, speci- 
imens from C. E. Pleas, Florida. Fig. 9, same, young, (enlarged 4 times) to show 
mycelial pad at base. 


CYATHUS RUFIPES. 


Fig. 10. 


Fig. 11. 


Fig. 10, types in Herbarium Tulasne. Fig. 11 same (enlarged 4 times). 


CYATHUS LESUEURITI. 


and more hispid cups than usual, but we do not, feel like separating 
them under a distinct name. Cyathus pallidus, while well named, 
would be better named if it were called hispidus, for the strong char- 
acter is the rigid, spreading, hispid hairs. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Jamaica, H. C. Cox, Miss Barrett, Wm. Harris. (I find a few cups of this 
species mixed with a very abundant collection of Cyathus limbatus, sent by 
Mr. Harris.) 

Antigua, A. Thibou. 


CYATHUS INTERMEDIUS (Plate 109).—Peridium broad, 
campanulate, 5-6 mm. high and broad at the mouth, even within and 
without. (Sometimes faintly striate within.) Pale fawn color, cov- 
ered when young with appressed, tomentum, collected in nodules. ‘This 
character largely disappears from old specimens. Peridioles thin, 
about 2 mm. in diameter, with a thin tunica. Spores in the type col- 
lection, elliptical, Io x 16 mic.*" 

The type specimens are found in Montagne’s herbarium, and were 
collected in Cuba, and called by Montagne Nidularia intermedia. It 
is a peculiar species, well characterized by the pale, nodular tomentum 
when young. When old the cups resemble Cyathus pallidus, from 
which it is readily distinguished by its larger spores. ‘Tulasne placed 
the species in the section “FEucyathus,” but the striae are absent in most 
specimens, and when present are so faint that I think the plant should 
gon, Olia:’ 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Bahamas, \,. J. K. Brace. 
Cuba, F. S. Earle (“on dirt and sides of an old seed box”). 


CYATHUS TRIPLEX (Plate 109).—Cups 5-6x5, even within 
and without, with connivent, spreading, somewhat scabrous hairs. In- 
ner surface even, silvery white. Peridiole 2 mm., with a very thin, 
adnate tunica. On soaking in water the tunica swells and becomes 
white and loosens up. Cortex thick, evidently double, but subhonio- 
geneous and the fibrils slender. Spores elliptical, 12-14 x 16-22. 

These specimens are from Mauritius, and grew caespitose attac 
to twigs and roots. It is a doubtful species to me, being too clu, to 
both the preceding. ‘The cups are those of pallidus, but darker 6d 
the hairs more scabrous. The spores are close to intermedius, though 
larger, but the tomentum of the young cups is quite different. 


SPECIMENS IN OuR COLLECTION. 
Mauritius, Chas. A. O’Connor. 


CYATHUS SPHAEROSPORUS (Plate 109.)—Cups small 
urn-shaped, 5x 4 mm., contracted at the base, and attached to the 


_ ,87 Specimens received from L. J. K. Brace agree with the type both as to cups and spores. 
specimens from F. S. Earle have typically the same peculiar cups, but the spores vary much. Most of 
hem are elliptical, 8-1o x 18 mic. but many occur much shorter and some subglobose about g x 10 mic. 


23 


matrix with a pad of pale-colored mycelium. Externally even, pale, and 
clothed with somewhat matted hairs. Even within. Peridioles 2 mm., 
with thin tunica.! Cortex single. Spores subglobose, 15 x 16 mic. Some 
more elliptical. 

This plant resembles the small form of Cyathus pallidus so closely 
it can hardly be distinguished by the cups, save the hairs are not so 
rigid and hispid. It has much larger, more globose spores. In the 
first peridioles I examined I found all the spores subglobose, but in 
exaininations since, from same cups, I have found other spores de- 
cidedly elliptical. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 
Jamaica, W. Jekyll. 


SECTION 5 


CYATHUS VERNICOSUS (Plate 110).—Cups broad, campan- 
ulate, 10-15 x 8-10, often flaring at the mouth, thick, rigid. Externally 
even, smooth, gray fawn color, with fine appressed hairs. Within 
smooth, even. Peridioles large, 2%-3% mm., with a thin, uniform, 
closely adnate tunica. Cortex thin, a single layer. Spores ovate, 6-8 x 
10-14. 

In Europe this is the most common species. In the United States 
it is frequent, but not so common as stercoreus. It occurs also in Aus- 
tralia, South Africa, South America, and doubtless many other coun- 
tries. It generally grows on the ground, sometimes on chips, etc., 
but it is the only species likely to be found in temperate regions in un- 
manured ground. It is easily recognized by its smooth, even, rigid 
cups and large peridioles. 


“= 7NONYMS.—The old botanists illustrated the plant many times, each 
ust ily giving it a new name. Tulasne has collected these together, and cites the 
owing synonyms. Peziza tertia, Peziza lentifera, Peziza cyathiformis, Peziza 
ricea, Peziza olla, Cyathus laevis, Nidularia vernicosa, Nidularia campanulata, 
‘yathus olla, Nidularia plumbea, Nidularia olla, Cyathus campanulatus. ‘These 
_ references in extenso were copied in a recent monograph, but I do not think they 
are worth rehearsing in detail. They should have died and been forgotten after Tu- 
lasne had pointed them out. Since Tulasne’s monograph, mycologists have mostly 
quit discovering that it was a new species, and have generally taken Tulasne’s 
name, Cyathus vernicosus. Every now and then some one gets out his little date 
dictionary and calls the plant Cyathus olla, Cyathus campanulatus or Cyathus 
laevis, according to the degree of a priorist he happens to be. Having passed 
the “new species” era, the plant is just entering the name-juggling era. The 
latest in that line is Cyathia lentifera. Miss White states that Schweinitz’s 
species Nidularia fascicularis (Cyathus fascicularis) is a synonym. I have seen 
only a very poor specimen, but the peridioles have the same structure and 
spores as C. vernicosus, and I do not question the correctness of it. Cyathus 
similis was said by the ‘author to be very close. It seems so to me, so close l 
can note no difference. 


24 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD. =O Ani. |Oos 


Fig. 4 


ime, PX, Figo: 


Fig. 1, specimens from A. Thibou, Antigua. Fig. 2, same, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 
3, a small form from Miss Barrett, Jamaica. Fig. 4, same, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 5, 
section peridiole, enlarged 15 times. 


SYATHUSSPALEIDUS. 


Fig vs 


Fig. 6, specimens from W. Jekyll, Jamaica. Fig. 7, same, enlarged 4 times. 


CYATHUS SPHAEROSPORUS. 


Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 


‘ig, 8, specimens from F. S. Earle, Cuba. Fig. 9, type specimen (X 4) from Mon- 
s Herbarium. Fig. 10, specimen from F. S. Earle, enlarged 4 times. Fig. 11, a 
ss y larged to times. 


CYATHUS INTERMEDIUS. 


Fig. 12. Fig. 14. 
Fic -ctruens fro “harles A. O’Connor, Mauritius. Fig. 13, 4 peridiole en- 
largeu Io times, Sue, unica. Fig. 14, section (X is). 


LATHUS ‘TRIPLEX. 


FORMS OF CYATHUS VERNICOSUS. 


The plant is quite variable in the size and shape of the cups and to a 
degree the color. Tulasne distinguishes four varieties which I have not found 
practicable to distinguish. From England I have a collection with cups very 
much like Cyathus stercoreus in general appearance, which is the only collec- 
tion I have seen that could well be confused with that species. From Rev. H. 
mae France, I have a collection whiter in color and with softer hairs than 
usual. 


CYATHUS DASYPUS.—Nees von Esenbeck illustrates a plant from 
South Africa under the above name, which seems both from his description and 
figure to be the ordinary form of Cyathus vernicosus. Tulasne has applied the 
name to a plant from Chile, agreeing with Cyathus vernicosus, excepting it hg 
more irregular peridioles. T hardly think it merits a name even as a variet. 
but if it does I see no harm in applying Cyathus dasypus to it in the sense of 
Tulasne, though there is nothing in the original to indicate that the peridioles 
are irregular. wn 


CYATHUS ANGLICUS (Rig. 17, en- 
larged 4 times).—At Kew I noted several 
collections of Cyathus vernicosus, made in 
England, with large, sulcate cups. While 
the cups might well be described as striate, 
they have no relation to the section Eu- 
cyathus. I think this form is solely Eng- 
lish, for I have seen no specimens from 
any other locality. The plant Miss White 
illustrates from Colorado under’” 
Cyathus dura seems to me ve: 
same nature. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COoLLEc’ 


Minnesota, M. S. W’ 
Chas. E. Brown; Michi, 
New Hampshire, HES 
. WW oN Cites W.-H: ase 
Fig. 17. vania, Dr. Win. Herbst; W* 
C. L. Shear; Maryland, Wri. te 
C. G. Lloyd; North Dakota, Lura L. Perrine; Colorado, E. B. oterlis 
PSB: Kennedy; California, ‘Edw. M. Ehrhorn, Miss Rose H. La yaks 

Denmark, Rev. A. Breitung, Rev. J. Lind. 

Treland, ‘Greenwood Pim. 

England, Chas. Crossland, Unknown donor * 

Belgium, Chas. van Bambeke, Paul Nijpels. 

Switzerland, Denis Cruchet. 

Germany, Otto Jaap, C. Engelke, Prof. Plottner. 

Austria, A. Weidmann. 

France, G. Renaudet, EF. Boudier, N. Patouillard, ° »)%I. Bourdot, a. 
Acloque. 

Spain, Rev. L.. Navas, Prof. T. de Aranzadi. 

Italy, Dr. G. Scalia, Dr. C. Massalongo. 


New Zealand, Miss Jessie Dunn. _ 

Australia, Adelaide, A. Zietz. 

(Mr. Zietz ---4s me seven abundant collectiu..- rely the most 
common hi “sg in the vicinity of Adelaiée. ) 


25 gs 


CYATHUS COLENSOI (Plate 110).—Cups broad, campanulate, 
5-6 x 6-7, even, smooth, with appressed, fine hairs. Even within. 
Peridioles about 2 mic., black with thin tunica (?). Cortex thick, 
a single layer. Spores varying much as to size and more as to shape. 
Many elliptical, 8-10x 10-12 mic. Many subglobose, 9-12 mic. in 
diameter. 

This species has much the same cups as vernicosus, but smaller 
peridioles and more globose spores. I saw a number of collections . 
from Australia at Kew, and have received it once. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Australia, F. M. Reader. 


CYATHUS MINIMUS (Fig. 18, enlarged 4 times).— 
Cups very small, 4-5 x 4 mm., even, smooth. Clothed with 
subappressed hairs. Even within. Sporangioles small, 
about I mm., with thin tunica. Cortex thick, 50 mic., but 
apparently a single layer. Spores elliptical, 10-12 x 18-20 
mics 

This little species is known only from.the original col- 
lection, made in China. 


SPECIMENS IN.OUR COLLECTION. | 


“ype from Herbarium. Professor Patouillard. 


11IUS PYGMAEUS (Plate 110).—Cups small, 4-414 x 3%4-4 
_’sh brown, even, smooth, rigid, clothed with appressed 
1 within. Peridioles small, about I mm., with thin tunica. 
TeX *> layer, about 30 mic., thicker on the lower side of the 
r <idiole. ores small, ovate, 8-Q9x I2-14. 

This: littl@species reaches me from C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash- 
ington. It grew attached to twigs in moss. It is close to the pre- 
ceding, wi@feriag chiefly in its spores. It is the only collection of 
Cyathus I have ever received from the United States that can not 
be referreé(as a form at. least) to one of the three common species. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


ee . , ° 
V7ashington, C V. Piper. 


CYABHUS EARLE. (Plate. To). —Cups scampanulate, rieid> 
“x 6-8 mm., dark, blac. *h brown. Externally even, scabrous, with 
. ¢t tomentum. Internally. smooth or faintly striate (but having 
\0 affinities with the section Encyathus), white, contrasting with the 
cark exterior. Peridioles covered on the upper side with a silvery, 
thin tunica, Cortex thick, double, the outer thin, composed of small 
fibrils" Spores elliptical or slightly oval-elliptical, 12 x 24-32 mic. 
This species in its shape and rigid cups is related to vernicosus, 
liffering much in color and spores. We have received two collections, 
ec from Cuba, the other from Hawaii. They are the same other- 
26 


i 


, 


Issued by C. GALOYD. 


Fig. I, specimens from Cincinnati. 
of perdieie enlarged Io times. 


Fig. 5, sp 
times. 


PHAGE 110: 


Fig. 2, upper side, and 1ig. 3, 2ower ». .e 
Fig. 4, cup enlarged 4 times. 


- cQXATHUS VERNICOSUS. 


pen. 


* 


ox 


1ronl hy af Reduer, Australia. 


ote 


a ee 


_CYATHUS COLENSOI,. 


Fig. 6, same enlarged 4 


Fig. 7. Fig. 8. 
Fig. 7, specimens from C. V. Piper, Washington. Fig. 8, ame enlarged 4 times. 


‘ CYATHUS PYGMALBG 


Fig. 9, specimens from F. S. Earle, Cuba. Fig. 10, same enlarged 4 times. 


CYATHUS EARLEL 


Fis. If. 


EFigiebas 


f 


Fig. 11, specim«... rrom L. Lewto1. ~arbados. Fig. 12, sa e enlarged 
4 times. ; : 


? CYATF A 


wise, but do not accord exactly in spores. ‘The Hawaiian specimens 
have narrow, elliptical spores, mostly 12x 32, some 12x28. The 
Cuban spores are elliptical-oval, mostly 12 x 24, few 12x 28. We do 
not think it practical to separate them. 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Cuba, tS. Earlex 
Hawaii, F. W. Terry. 


CYATHUS CANNA (Plate 110).—Cups campanulate, rigid, 7-8 
x 6-8 mm., dark brown. [Externally even, scabrous with short to- 
mentum. Internally smooth, even, white as if covered with a thin 
layer of whitewash. Peridioles covered on the upper side with @ 
silvery, thin tunica. Cortex double, the outer, thin, composed of small 
fibrils. Spores small, globose, 7-9 mic. 

This plant grew in the earth, and is very similar to the preceding 
in its cups, differing in its spores. It is close to microsporum, except- 
ing habitat and the shape.of the spores. 


SPECIMENS IN OurR COLLECTION. 


Barbados, \,. Lewton-Brain. 


CYATHUS MICROSPORUS (Fig. 19).—Cups 7-8 x 6-7, even, 
dark brown. Externally even with appressed hairs. Internally not 
striate, even. (It surely does not belong in the section Fucyathus. ) 
Peridioles 114-2 mm., with a'thin tunica. Spores elliptical, very small, 
AL Sey 

The type specimens (Fig. 19, enlarged four times) were collected 
on the Island of St. Domingue by Mr. Poiteau and grew caespitose on 
rotten wood. ‘They are now in Tulasne’s herbarium at Paris. 


Fran 19: Fig. > 


SYNONYM —Tulasne called tt athus microsporus ve domin- 
gensis to disting. sh it from plants v pores which he receivea ©“ om 


Berkeley, which he called Cyathus microsporus var. Berkeleyanus. The two col- 
lections have entirely different cups, and in our opinion should be treated as 
species. It. is an evidence of the stress that Tulasne placed on spore characters 
more than on the grosser characters of the plants, but we are inclined to place 
stress just the contrary. 


CYATHUS HOOKERI (Fig. 20).—Cups thin, obconic, strongly 
tapering to the base, where they are attached by a small pad of my- 
celium. Light in color, with a matted tomentum. Spores 6x8. I 
know this plant only imperfectly from the types at Kew (Fig. 20, en- 
larged 4 times) which are pressed flat. It grew on dead wood, on 
moss and lichen, covered with sawdust at Khasa, India, and was col- 
lected by Dr. Hooker. It was placed in Eucyathus, but I can note 
no striations. It was described as “striate or all even.” I think it 
should go in “Olla.” It seems to me close to microsporus, but larger 
spores and different cup. 


THE GENUS SPHAEFROBOLUS: 


This genus is very different from all that precede, and by several 
authors is not included in the Nidulariaceae. The plants are little, 
globose, sub-fleshy cups, each including a single peridiole. The struc- 
ture of the peridiole is very similar to that of others of the family, and 
to my mind the genus should be classed as a one-peridioled Nidular- 
iaceae. ‘The appearance of the plants, however, is quite different from 
others we have considered, and would not in the popular mind, at 
least, be associated with bird’s-nest fungi. 


SPHAEKROBOLUS. STELLATUS (Plate 111).—Peridium 
fleshy, globose, about 114-2 mm. in diameter. When fresh, yellow, 
becoming pale or white when dried, each containing a single peridiole. 
The walls of the peridium are said to be double, the inner separating 
and inverting suddenly, projecting the peridiole to some distance.** 
Peridioles in dried specimens about I mm. in diameter, reddish brown.*® 
Their structure, while so analogous to that of other Nidulariaceae 
as to leave no doubt in our mind as to their classification, is different 
in many respects. The peridiole wall is not hard and horny, but rather 
fleshy, and not fibrillose in structure. Ina secti: it appears yellowish. 
The interior is one homogeneous mass of spoi. ‘ssue, not separated 


38 This at least is the usual explanation of the dehiscence of this plant. It is thus shown by 
Micheli, two hundred years ago, but whether the popular idea is taken from this old picture, or is 
based on observations of the fresh plant, Ido not know. I never saw fresh specimens but once, and 
then did not observe them as closely as I would now if I had the opportunity. I made a short note, 


as follows: ‘‘ These plants are globose about 2 mm, dis. eter, and look like little yellow eggs. 
When ripe the peridium splits at the top in a stellate ; d eject: the single yellow peridiole.’’ 
I can not detect on the photograph I made from these wens (Plate rrr, fig. 1) any evidence 
of the ‘“‘inverted inner layer,’ nor do I find any on - r vecimens that I have. That the 
peridiole is eyected, however, in some manner, I think ished. I have seen somewhere 
where a French author states that he placed some * a dish and covered it with a pane 
of glass at some distance (two or three inches) les were ejected with such force 


that they adhered to the glass. 
389 My note from fresh specimens gives.their color as 


28 


Issued by C. G. LLOYD. | DAN lkls ] 1 (be 


Fig. 1, fresh specin ‘ , Romell, Sweden. Fig. 2, dried specimens 
from Otto Jaap, German. 


SPH4S +BOLUS STELLATUS. 


~ 


=p 


Fig. 3, specimens enlarged 6 times, from Otto Jaap, Germany. 
en on manure, from Rev. Langlois, Louisiana. 


SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS. 


Fig. 4, dried 


_~ 


ws 


into an outer, sterile portion as in all other genera. The spores are 
very numerous, appearing to compose the greater part of the tissue. 
They are elliptical or broadly ovate, irregular in size, and vary from 
ScOeto.0 X TO!mMic, 


FORMS.—There are a number of forms (or may be species) that seem 
to differ chiefly in habits and habitat. The type form grows on rotten wood, 
scattered or caespitose, spread over the surface and attached with a little 
pad of white (yellow when fresh) mycelium. ‘This is the most common form 
that reaches me.. ‘There is another form that grows more scattered and deeply 
immersed in the wood. ‘This is called Sphaerobolus tubulosus. Another form 
in which the mycelium forms a dense matrix in which the little peridia are 
densely seated. It forms over damp, mossy ground in woods. Another form 
on manure (Sphaerobolus stercoreus) usually partially immersed. Another 
form on bare ground, forming very little mycelium (Sphaerobolus epigaeus). 
Whether these forms are “species” or only conditions due to various habitats, J 


can not state. They all appear very much the same from dried specimens. 


HISTORY.—Micheli first illustrated the plant about two hundred years 
ago under the generic name Carpobolus, which should have been retained, but 
has been lost, due chiefly to bad work on the part of Linnaeus, who placed the 
plant in the genus Lycoperdon (sic), and called it Lycoperdon Carpobolus. 
The plant is now often called Sphaerobolus Carpobolus, sometimes Carpo- 
bolus stellatus, but more generally Sphaerobolus stellatus.° The following are 
also synonyms Professor Patouillard tells me: Sphaerobolus cyclophorus 
(Carpobolus cyclophorus). The following are given as synonyms in Saccardo: 
Carpobolus albicans, Carpobolus stellatus, Sphaerobolus impatiens. (The latter 
is given by Dr. Hoilos as Sphaerobolus impaticus. I have not looked it up.) 
Sphaerobolus dentatus is the climax of a series of errors. When the name- 
jugglers get to work, I presume they will call the plant Carpobolus Carpobolus 
or something else equally absurd. : 


SPECIMENS IN Our COLLECTION. 


Louisiana, Rev. Langlois (on cow manure). 

Sweden, L, Romell. 

Belgium, Madame Rousseau. 

France, Capt. Pyat Felix, Rev. H. Bourdot. 

Germany, Otto Jaap (4 collections), Dr. O. Pazschke, C. Engelke. 
Bohemia, F. Bubak. 

New Zealand, Robt. Brown (S. epigaeus). 


EXCLUDED GENERA. 


There are a number of genera given in Saccardo that are said to not be- 
long to the Nidulariaceae. I know nothing about them. ‘Thelebolus is said 
to be an Ascomyces; Dacryobolus to belong to the Hydnaceae; Polyangium to 
be a Myxobacteraceae (whatever that may be); Atractobolus, “ist ganz 
unklar,” etc. 


40 “‘According to the principles of priority the name of this genus is Carpobolus (Mich. 1729), but 
the name Sphaerobolus (Tode 1790) is so well established and so widely spread in literature, that I defer 
to general usage and retain the name Sphaerobolus.’’—Ho.tés. 

Good logic, Doctor! If you had always followed as good judgment, Mr. McGinty would have 
had nothing to say. 

41 Started by Withering more than a hundred years ago, it has kept on growing through several] 
authors, each adding a little to it and making it worse, until finally it was served up in its complete: 
form recently to the readers of the English Journal of Botany. 


29 


ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT 


We have strongly opposed the prevailing custom of adding per- » 
sonal names to the names of plants, owing to the amount of inferior 
work to which it leads. We think that a binomial name alone should 
indicate a plant and should have a specific meaning, and that in select- 
ing names authors should be influenced by no other consideration 
than the proper classification and the specific designation under which 
the plant is best known. Under this system we believe that in a 
reasonable time botanical nomenclature would become definite, as all 
other languages have become by a similar process. Under the present 
system each author is mainly interested, not in using the names ‘used 
before, but in getting up new ones to which to add his own. It is as 
easy to shuffle names, both specific and generic, as to move about 
the men on a checker board. ‘The result is an ever-changing lan- 
guage, and almost every one who writes on the subject uses largely 
his own names. 

In the Nidulariaceae, the man who brought system out of chaos 
was Tulasne, sixty years ago. Since his monograph, I feel that his 
names should be adopted so long as his genera are accepted, which 
will probably be always. Most botanists, even if they get their in- 
formation from Tulasne and follow him, feel it incumbent to add a 
personal name taken from Tulasne. To these we indicate the proper 
name to add to the species in this pamphlet. 

Tulasne to Crucibulum vulgare, Cyathus ambiguus, Berkeleyanus, 
Gayanus, intermedius, limbatus, microsporus, Montagnei, novae-zee- 
landiae, Poeppigii, Lesueurii, Schweinitzii, Nidularia australis and 
Duriaeana ; Berkeley to Colensoi, Hookeri, pallidus, Nidula emodensis; + 
Patouillard to minimus and Nidularia Heribaudii; Schweinitg to ster- 
coreus; Ellis to rufipes; Hudson to striatus; Nees to dasypus; Peck 
to Nidula candida and microcarpa; Massee to Nidularia fusispora; 
Roth to Nidularia pisiformis and Tode to, Spl ierobolus stellatus. For 
the remainder it does not matter | 


ee ao noone’ 


THE LLOYD LIBRARY AND MUSEUM. 


This institution, while nominally an incorporated organization, is 
ih. reality dependent upon the support of two brothers, C. G. and J. U. 
Lloyd, who provide the funds for its maintenance, each for his own 
department; the former Botany and especially Mycology, the latter 
Materia Medica and Pharmacy. The institution is located at No. 224 
West Court St., Cincinnati, Ohio, and is a four story building erected 
by Mr. C. G. Lloyd for this purpose in 1902. 


THE LIBRARY. 


This isin charge of Captain William Holden, 
Librarian. It is devoted exclusively to the afore- 
mentioned subjects, and although of compara- 
tively recent growth, it compares favorably, in 
number of volumes at least, with such old estab- 
lished libraries as are to be found at Kew. In 
monetary value, or in practical working value to 
the systematic botanist, the Lloyd Library does 
not compare with Kew, for the latter is aselected 
library of years of growth, devoted specially to 
the wants of the systematic botanist. The Lloyd 
Library aims eventually to embrace all books re- 
lating to botany,pharmacy ,materia medica and 
allied sciences. With this object such subjects 
as physiological botany, elementary text books, 
technical botany, phurimacopoeis, etc., which 
would not be considered as in the scope of Kew 
are systematically collected in the Lloyd Library. 


THE HERBARIUM. 


This consists of about thirty thousand speci- 
mens (estimated) which were mostly obtained 
through exchange by C. G. Lloyd during the ear- 
lier years of his life. When Mr. Lloyd became 
interested in Mycology, some ten years ago, this 
‘feature was practically abandoned. Prof. W.H. 
Aiken has recently taken charge of this depart- 
ment and it is expected that from this time on 
the herbarium will have renewed life and 


activity. Lloyd Library and Museum. 


THE MUSEUM. 


One floor of the building is devoted to a museum of fungi and there have ac- 
cumulated many thousand specimens. During recent years Mr. C. G. Lloyd has 
devoted himself exclusively to the study of Gastromycetes, popularly known as the 
puff ball family. With the cooperation of a large number of correspondents from 
every country in the world, more specimens of these plants have found their way 
~ #0 this museum than can be found in all other museums in the world combined. 
Hach specimen is named, and labeled with the name of the collector and locality, 
and is preserved in the museum, no matter how well the same species may be rep- 
resented. Some common species, such as Lycoperdon gemmatum, are represented 
RY over three hundred different collections. 


ITS DESTINY. 


This institutiofi will neve’ beso.*orh tenup. When the life works of its 


builders are finished, funds». -1 be prov?” cits continuance under the care of 
some institution or university, best calc’ ‘rve science. The entire collection 
of books and specimens is pledged by es. _! 3 to be donated intact to Science. 


a 
_ 


y 
~ 


e* 


LN 


INDEX. 


(Those that are starred and indented are better called forms.) 


— 


PAGE | 
Cruerbulum vulgare.>...... a3) 
Cyathus ambiguus ........ 19 
“~~ Berkeleyanus ..... 19 
o Cannas ~. Sea & 27 
COMRUEEP Yt. oat aes 26 
Fee ee es ee 26 
S GasANUS Rigo ci ss 16 | 
“ait ed 88S 28 
initermeditis: 72s +e 23 | 
ge lioibatus  . .. aca... 16 | 
caees’ HTICTOSPOTlSs ae eee af | 
WUNNUS Stee ne 26 
= Montatnei “25 sea 18 
nigro-albus ....... 18 | 
novae-zeelandiae 19 
palledus’ (ate e 22 
2 POCDDICI Mee ae 15 
MARAT O95 9 7 ee a 26 
‘*_ sphaerosporous 23 
ae 32 


{ 
A 
} 
i! 
PAG) 
Cyathus ‘stercoreusS 4mm «aes 20 
a4 Lesuewrtiy ag. -.%2t 
Siew sige 
r. rufipes 7. ..3. 8: POT 
e oa 
“ — Striatus ee: 17 
a Schweimitzit ....*17 
“~". trighesaaaeeeeene sea se 23 
i vermicgsus <.2.... 24 
< dasypusies. i. #25 
4 angen cet. <a, "25 
Nidula candidaatiee=. aime aes II 
“ emO@ehISTS an ag 12 
“ Mie¢Pe@scakpa oameae = I¥ 
Nidularia. australe... en O 
é Durigeana .....% CO 
% . 
. fisisporas oe... ... 10 
‘§ HHetrbaudit =... 2. ica 
. DiSilOL ane se Ti 
Sphaerobolus stellatus...... 2X 


